Abstract

Background

Prostate cancer remains a leading malignancy among men globally. Cannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol (CBD), have gained attention for their potential therapeutic effects, including anti-cancer properties and symptom management. However, the extent and nature of evidence supporting their use in prostate cancer care remain unclear. This scoping review aimed to map and synthesize existing preclinical and clinical evidence on the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy, in prostate cancer. Specifically, the review sought to examine their potential anti-tumor properties, mechanisms of action, and any reported effects on symptom management, including pain relief and quality of life.

Methods

A scoping review was conducted following the Arksey and O'Malley framework and reported using the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Searches were performed across PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the Cochrane Library for studies published between 2013 and 2025. Eligible studies included preclinical or clinical investigations involving cannabinoids in the context of prostate cancer. Two reviewers independently screened the articles and charted the data using the predefined eligibility criteria and third reviewer resolved the discrepancies. Data were charted and synthesised thematically.

Results

Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising ten preclinical and two clinical investigations. These included studies were conducted across various countries, including Italy, Chile, Ireland, China, the USA, South Africa, Sweden, and Australia. Most studies focused on the anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and tumor-suppressive effects of CBD and other cannabinoids via mechanisms such as mitochondrial disruption and pathway modulation. Only a few studies addressed pain or quality of life, with limited and inconclusive clinical data. Variability in cannabinoid formulations and outcome measures was common.

Conclusion

While preclinical findings suggest that cannabinoids, particularly CBD, may have therapeutic potential in prostate cancer, clinical evidence remains sparse and inconclusive, especially regarding symptom relief and quality of life. High-quality clinical trials are needed to establish efficacy and guide clinical application.